Horus-Jesus Correlations
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Before we begin examining Horus, it should be noted that the name "Horus" in Egyptian mythology and literature stood for many things[1], but mostly stood as a reference to the sitting pharaoh's divinity[2] [3] [4]. Basically, Horus was an invocation used to connect people (like the pharaoh) and things (like the sunrise and sunset, or the importance of a place) to divinity, having many different meanings depending on on the context of the reference to the name. This should be kept in mind when references to Horus are made, especially when claims connecting Horus to other gods are made, because "Horus" was a fluid anthropomorphism of a divine aspect and not a single, static character within Egyptian mythology.
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Horus and Jesus Correlation
The attempt to tie aspects of Horus to aspects of Jesus are meant to imply that the alleged shared similarities make the case that the two figures were actually based one off the other (Jesus based on Horus) or based both from the same factors (Jesus and Horus sharing the same origins). Neither of these hypotheses hold together under scrutiny. The following is a corrected list most often cited on internet sites [5]:
| Correlative Claim | Jesus | Horus |
|---|---|---|
| Virgin Birth | biblical (Christian [6] [7]) | non-existent [8] [9] |
| Only Begotten Son | biblical (Christian [10]) | no known siblings[11] |
| Mother's Name | Mary (or Miriam) | Isis (not meri [12]) |
| 'Foster' Father | Joseph | none [13] |
| Father's Ancestry | royal (? [14]) human | divine (Osiris) |
| Birth Location | stable or cave | varied [15] [16] |
| Annunciation | angel to Mary [17] and Joseph [18] | none |
| Birth Herald | eastern star (biblical[19]) | none (no mention) |
| Birth Date | (usually) celebrated Dec. 25th | not known (see below for more) |
| Birth Accouncement | angels [20] [21] | none [22] |
| Birth Witnesses | Shepherds [23] | none |
| Later Witnesses | wise men (magi) [24] | none |
| Death Threat | Herod | Set |
| Handling Threat | went into hiding (in Egypt) [25] | none [26] or went into hiding [27] |
| Rite of Passage Ritual | taken by parents to temple (not a rite of passage) [28] | none [29] |
| Age at the Ritual | 12 [30] | unknown [31] |
| Break in Life History | nothing between 12 and 30 years old | few stories of childhood, most as an adult [32] |
| Baptism Location | the Jordan river | none (didn't happen) [33] |
| Age at Baptism | 30 | none (didn't happen) [34] |
| Baptized By | John the Baptist | no one [35] |
| Fate of Baptizer | John the Baptist was beheaded | not applicable (no baptism) |
| Temptation | tempted during his dwelling in the desert [36] | never (no temptation) [37] |
| Result of Temptation | Jesus resists temptation | Horus was not tempted (see above reference) |
| Followers | 12 disciples (biblical) | no disciples [38] |
| Activities | miracles (healing, walking on water, water to wine) | battled Set (Seth) to rule Egypt [39] [40] |
| Raising the Dead | raised Lazarus from the dead | did not raise the dead [41] |
| Location of Resurrection | Bethany [42] | no resurrection occurred [43] |
| Origin of Lazarus' Name | אלעזר, Elʿāzār "God (has) helped" | not applicable [44] |
| Transfigured | on a mountain [45] | was disfigured (not transfigured) [46] |
| Key Addresses | Sermon on the Mount [47], Sermon on the Plain [48] | none (Horus wasn't a preacher) |
| Method of Death | crucifixion (biblical) | none (didn't die) [49] |
| Accompanied By | two thieves | none (didn't die) |
| Burial | in a tomb | none (didn't die) |
| Fate After Death | descent and resurrection | none (didn't die) |
| Resurrection Announcement | women [50] | none (didn't die) |
| Future | book of Revelation [51] | ruled Egypt |
Born on December 25th
The film Zeitgeist states that "Horus was born on December 25th of the virgin Isis-Meri." This claim contains both a false claim and a misdirection based on faulty translation. First and foremost, it should be noted that there exists no evidence whatsoever of the birth of Horus coinciding with December 25th. The closest any of the film's sources came to an explanation of this wild claim was from Gerald Massey (Ancient Egypt The Light of The World[52]) and Dorothy Murdock (a.k.a. Acharya S), the latter of which states that an Isis festival celebrated during the time of the Greek subjugation of Egypt called Kikellia was some sort of proof, even though that festival is celebrated in what would be considered today as February or March[53]. Considering the obvious contradiction of the time of the year in which the festival takes place and the fact that the festival itself was a Greek celebration by the Egyptians, such claims go from questionable (at best) to complete nonsense and misdirection. J.P. Holding, who runs an apologist website that often attacks these types of anti-Christian conspiracies with much fervor, makes a mention that he found one mention of Horus being born in the "month of Khoiak," however he mentions it as a misnomer by stating it was the Egyptian name-- it was a Coptic name for an Egyptian month[54]. Regardless, that festival, unlike the Kikellia festival for which we only have dates coinciding with the Greek calendar which allow us to estimate the general location on our modern calendar, this Osirian festival that falls in Khoiak[55] would not coincide with any calendar date today because the Egyptian calendar shifted along with the helaical rising and falling of the banks of the Nile River[56]. Both Dorothy Murdock (a.k.a. Acharya S) and J.P. Holding, along with others who claim various birth dates, are incorrect. The only observed day in any reference to the birth of Horus would be the celebration of the Egyptian new year, celebrating the renewed Re-Horakhty[57] (conflation of Re and "Horus of the Two Horizons," one of the many iterations of Horus), though this was a celebration of the sun beginning its cycle, and not of the myth of Heru-sa-Aset (Horus son of Isis), also known as Harpokrates. For that story, no such mythological story seems to exist with a specific date. Many people have attempted to correlate such a date with our modern calendar, and in nearly every case they leave out the important fact that the Egyptian calendar dates for their festivals and religious observances wandered backwards through what we count as our modern Gregorian (or even the older Julian) calendar on which religious observances are recorded and recognized today. In other words: if anyone attempts to correlate a modern (Gregorian) calendar date to an ancient Egyptian one without first admitting that such a claim is only correct in the same way 'a broken clock is correct twice a day', then be skeptical of the conclusion based on the lack of understanding of how ancient Egyptians measured their calendars.
Mary, Isis, and Virgin Birth
The use of the name "Isis-Meri" is a case of poor mistranslation on the part of the makers of Zeitgeist and any of the references they use who propose such a translation. The name "meri" is Egyptian for "beloved," not a proper name but a state of being or quality. This word was actually used by Egyptian citizens in describing their loved ones[58], which would seem to make sense to use it to display Isis as beloved of her husband, Osiris, who was the father of her child (Horus).
Eastern Star and Three Kings
The film states that "His birth was accompanied by a star in the east, which in turn, three kings followed to locate and adorn the new-born savior." This claim only seems to make sense if two conditions are met: 1) that it is accepted that Horus was born on December 25th, for which there is no supporting evidence; and 2) that it is accepted that Egyptian astrology defined the meaning of the placement of stars in the same way that modern New Age astrology does, for which there is not only no supporting evidence but evidence to the contrary[59]. Further, the claim of the "three kings" is a claim made by Gerald Massey in the late 19th Century with no specific citation of where he derived this claim, only that the three stars of Orion's belt are supposed to represent the "three kings" even though there is no such reference within Egyptian literature or Christian literature. This is a form of tautology, with the expectation that the conclusion is already believed to be true in order for the so-called supporting evidence to hold any weight or validity.
Ages 12 and 30
The film makes the claim "At the age of 12, he was a prodigal child teacher," and in its citations for such a claim it uses Gerald Massey[60]. Massey gives no Egyptian source for such a claim.
Anup the Baptizer
The original source that mentions "Anup the Baptizer" is not Egyptian, it is Gerald Massey. However, Massey never mentions where this name is mentioned in any Egyptian text. The fact is that "Anup the Baptizer" does not exist in any Egyptian text whatsoever. The name "Anup" is a misspelling of the Egyptian ANPU (or ENPU) for Anubis, and Anubis is neither a herald for Horus nor did Anubis ever baptize Horus in any Egyptian text. Anubis is the overseer of the embalming process and the guide for the dead into the halls of judgment, before they enter into the afterlife. The role of Anubis in no way, shape, or form resembles any known characterization by Christians of John the Baptist, and their mythologies are in no way similar in any fashion. This is a complete fabrication.
Notes
- ↑ Encyclopedia Mythica: "The name "Horus" is a general catchall for multiple deities"
- ↑ "Live Horus, divine in manifestation; the Two Ladies, divine in birth; Horus of Gold, who has become manifest; the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Khakaure, the Son of Re, Senwosret (III), given life like Re forever." From the 12th Dynasty (Senwosret III) on the Berlin Stele document, found in Letters from ancient Egypt, Wente, Edward Frank, 1930-, Meltzer, Edmund S. Scholars Press, c1990 ISBN 1555404723 (p 24)
- ↑ "Thereupon he (Muwatallis) sent his messenger with a letter in his hand bearing the great name of My Majesty, sending greetings to the majesty of the palace, l.p.h., of Re-Harakhti, Mighty Bull, beloved of Maat, the sovereign who protects his army and is energetic with his strong arm, a bulwark for his soldiers on the day of battle; the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Usermare-setepenre; the Son of Re, the lion, possessor of strength, Ramesses (II), given life forever." From the 19th Dynasty (Rameses II) in a Kadesh poem, found in Letters from ancient Egypt, Wente, Edward Frank, 1930-, Meltzer, Edmund S. Scholars Press, c1990 ISBN 1555404723 (p 29-30)
- ↑ "This is a missive to inform One (the king) at the Palace, l.p.h., "Beloved-of-Maat," the two horizons in which Re is: Turn your face to me, you shining sun who illuminates the Two Lands with your beauty, you solar disk of humankind, who has banished darkness from Egypt." From the 19th Dynasty (Merenptah) in the P. Anastasi II document, found in Letters from ancient Egypt, Wente, Edward Frank, 1930-, Meltzer, Edmund S. Scholars Press, c1990 ISBN 1555404723 (p 34-35)
- ↑ An example would be this page on ReligiousTolerance.org
- ↑ Matthew 1:18 NIV - "This is how the birth of Jesus Christ came about: His mother Mary was pledged to be married to Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be with child through the Holy Spirit."
- ↑ Luke 1:34-35 NIV "'How will this be,' Mary asked the angel, 'since I am a virgin?' The angel answered, 'The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God.'"
- ↑ There exists no Egyptian text describing Horus as the son of Isis where she was a virgin. Horus is fathered through conception by sex in every account, though some accounts include unorthodox methods (like using a fake phallus).
- ↑ Louvre C. papyrus 286 - The Great Hymn To Osiris - "Who jubilated, joined her brother, raised the weary one's inertness, received the seed, bore the heir..." (found in "Ancient Egyptian Literature: New Kingdom" by Miriam Lichtheim, ISBN 0520248430 pg. 83).
- ↑ John 3:16 KJV - "For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life."
- ↑ This isn't to say that Horus was or was not the only child of Isis and Osiris, but that no myth story by the Egyptians focused strongly on this fact. Isis was considered a midwife to expecting mothers, so instead this aspect focuses on Isis wanting to give birth, not the solitude of Horus as an only child.
- ↑ The word 'meri' is not a name but the Egyptian form of the word 'beloved' (see note). The use of the word 'meri' along with Isis would be a term of endearment, not part of a name as has been incorrectly attributed.
- ↑ Osiris was the father, though other gods took part in the teaching, training, healing, judging, and discipline, all dependent on which version of the myth is being read. These other deities include Ra (Re), Thoth, and in some tales all of the major gods, as in "Horus and Seth" from the Chester Beatty I papyrus (found in "Ancient Egyptian Literature: New Kingdom" by Miriam Lichtheim, ISBN 0520248430).
- ↑ Considering the consistency problems between the gospels that list different geneologies, the use of the geneologies reflect more on the gentile cultures that had begun to adopt the Jesus-worship in the end of the First and beginning of the Second Centuries (who were of Roman provinces or Roman slaves). That, however, is a discussion for another website.
- ↑ Depending on the source used, Horus was born in a cave or in a cluster of reeds or a bed, among other locations. There is no definitive location for the birth of Horus.
- ↑ Papyrus Berlin 3008 - The Lament Of Isis And Nephthys - "Come to your house, come to your house, Good King, come to your house! Come, see your son Horus as King of gods and men!" (found in "Ancient Egyptian Literature: Late Period" by Miriam Lichtheim, pg. 119-120 ISBN 0520248449).
- ↑ Luke 1:34-35 NIV "'How will this be,' Mary asked the angel, 'since I am a virgin?' The angel answered, 'The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God.'"
- ↑ Matthew 1:20-21 KJV "But while he thought on these things, behold, the angel of the LORD appeared unto him in a dream, saying, Joseph, thou son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife: for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost. And she shall bring forth a son, and though shalt call his name JESUS: for he shall save his people from their sins."
- ↑ Matthew 2:1-2 NIV - "After Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea, during the time of King Herod, Magi from the east came to Jerusalem and asked, 'Where is the one who has been born king of the Jews" We saw his star in the east and have come to worship him.'"
- ↑ Luke 1:34-35 NIV "'How will this be,' Mary asked the angel, 'since I am a virgin?' The angel answered, 'The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God.'"
- ↑ Matthew 1:20-21 KJV "But while he thought on these things, behold, the angel of the LORD appeared unto him in a dream, saying, Joseph, thou son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife: for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost. And she shall bring forth a son, and though shalt call his name JESUS: for he shall save his people from their sins."
- ↑ Louvre C. papyrus 286 - The Great Hymn To Osiris - "Who jubilated, joined her brother, raised the weary one's inertness, received the seed, bore the heir, raised the child in solitude, his abode unknown." (found in "Ancient Egyptian Literature: New Kingdom" by Miriam Lichtheim, ISBN 0520248430 pg. 83).
- ↑ Luke 2:15-18 NIV - "When the angels had left them and gone into heaven, the shepherds said to one another, 'Let's go to Bethlehem and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has told us about.' So they hurried off and found Mary and Joseph, and the baby, who was lying in the manger. When they had seen him, they spread the word concerning what had been told them about this child, and all who heard it were amazed at what the shepherds said to them."
- ↑ Matthew 2:1-2 NIV - "After Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea, during the time of King Herod, Magi from the east came to Jerusalem and asked, 'Where is the one who has been born king of the Jews" We saw his star in the east and have come to worship him.'"
- ↑ Matthew 2:13-15 NIV - "When they had gone, an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream. 'Get up,' he said, 'take the child and his mother and escape to Egypt. Stay there until I tell you, for Herod is going to search for the child to kill him.' So he got up, took the child and his mother during the night and left for Egypt, where he stayed until the death of Herod. And so was fulfilled what the Lord had said through the prophet: 'Out of Egypt I called my son.'"
- ↑ Papyrus Berlin 3008 - The Lament Of Isis And Nephthys - "Come to your house, come to your house, Good King, come to your house! Come, see your son Horus as King of gods and men!" (found in "Ancient Egyptian Literature: Late Period" by Miriam Lichtheim, pg. 119-120 ISBN 0520248449).
- ↑ Louvre C. papyrus 286 - The Great Hymn To Osiris - "Who jubilated, joined her brother, raised the weary one's inertness, received the seed, bore the heir, raised the child in solitude, his abode unknown." (found in "Ancient Egyptian Literature: New Kingdom" by Miriam Lichtheim, ISBN 0520248430 pg. 83).
- ↑ This is an erroneous reference to Luke 2, and conflates the events of his Bris (when a boy is circumcised at 8 days old) and the passages of their yearly family trip to Jerusalem for Passover.
- ↑ A detailed account of the dispute and battle with Set (Seth) can be found in the Chester Beatty I, recto papyrus translation in "Ancient Egyptian Literature: New Kingdom" by Miriam Lichtheim, ISBN 0520248430, pg. 214-223
- ↑ As already noted, this was not a rite of passage but an annual family trip for celebration of Passover, conflated with his Bris at the age of 8 days old.
- ↑ No age is given for Horus in his battle with Set (Seth) for the throne of Osiris, but there are numerous references to "eighty years" as the length of time Set has been waiting for this power (Chester Beatty I, recto papyrus translation in "Ancient Egyptian Literature: New Kingdom" by Miriam Lichtheim, ISBN 0520248430, pg. 214-223).
- ↑ No age is given for Horus in his battle with Set (Seth) for the throne of Osiris, but there are numerous references to "eighty years" as the length of time Set has been waiting for this power (Chester Beatty I, recto papyrus translation in "Ancient Egyptian Literature: New Kingdom" by Miriam Lichtheim, ISBN 0520248430, pg. 214-223).
- ↑ The only time this account and location (Eridanus) has ever been named has been in Gerald Massey's book Ancient Egypt: Light of the World, a book published in 1907 that has no actual translations or specifications for where Massey came up with these names or events. In the 100 years since this book was written no corroborating evidence has been found, and in fact the only 'Eridanus' river that can be found is within Greek mythology (Eridanos river), not Egyptian. A few fringe authors continue to cite Massey, but none of them have been able to locate an Egyptian source for this claim.
- ↑ There is no Egyptian record of Horus ever having been baptized at any age. See Anup the Baptizer.
- ↑ There is no Egyptian record of Horus ever having been baptized by anyone. "Anup the Baptizer" is a fabrication by Gerald Massey. See Anup the Baptizer.
- ↑ Matthew 4:1-11, Mark 1:12-13, Luke 4:1-13
- ↑ In the Chester Beatty I, recto papyrus translation in "Ancient Egyptian Literature: New Kingdom" by Miriam Lichtheim, (ISBN 0520248430), pg. 219-220, Set (Seth) attempts to (sexually) seduce Horus in order to put his semen into Horus, but Horus tricks Set (Seth) and Horus has him eat lettuce with Horus' semen on it, earning Horus the favor of the Ennead (court of the gods).
- ↑ Horus was used as an embodiment of the pharaoh and the pharaoh's divinity. He had those who would fight under his command or do his bidding, and such individuals could be numbered from four to sixteen to thousands to all of Egypt.
- ↑ A detailed account of the dispute and battle with Set (Seth) can be found in the Chester Beatty I, recto papyrus translation in "Ancient Egyptian Literature: New Kingdom" by Miriam Lichtheim, ISBN 0520248430, pg. 214-223
- ↑ Almost every account of Horus in mythological story has him fighting or competing with Set (Seth) to avenge his father. In this manner Horus is more similar to Luke Skywalker than he is to Jesus, with the exception that Set (Seth) is not the father of Horus.
- ↑ Some fringe authors attempt to describe the resurrection of Osiris as having been performed by Horus, but no Egyptian text in existence supports such claims. All Egyptian sources describe Isis, the wife/sister of Osiris, as the one who brought life back into the lifeless body of Osiris. "Ancient Egyptian Literature: New Kingdom" by Miriam Lichtheim, ISBN 0520248430; "Egyptian Legends and Stories" by M.V. Seton-Williams, ISBN 0760711879
- ↑ Some fringe authors mistakenly attribute the name Bethany to meaning "House of Anu" through some phonetic trickery. However, the name for the place can be traced back to the Aramaic Beit `anya, which translates to "house of affliction" (beit = house, `anya = destitution or affliction). more here
- ↑ The fringe material that attempts to claim a story of Horus raising the dead tend to focus on the ancient Egyptian city of Heliopolis, which was known as Annu in Egyptian. There are two main problems with this claim: 1. Heliopolis was a major metropolitan and intellectual city, one of the greatest in Egypt and much of the world in ancient times-- at least some record would exist of this story, yet there are none to be found; 2. the mistaken phonetic trickery used to create the fake etymology of the name Bethany for the Christian story is obviously meant to invoke Heliopolis, but would not have worked since by the time of the writers of the gospels the only name known for the city would have been Heliopolis-- the name Annu was lost for more than 2000 years.
- ↑ The fringe claim on the etymology of the name of Lazarus bespeaks a poor understanding of the root language from which the name is derived (Hebrew). The fringe claim attempts to use Latin ('El' meaning 'the') and a phony assertation on Egyptian (Asar meaning Osiris) to conclude that the name essentially means "The Osiris," in order to provide a link between Horus and Jesus. Unfortunately for the fringe theorists, the name that translated to Lazarus in Latin (Eleazar) appears throughout the Old Testament (Exodus 6, Numbers 19, I Samuel 7, I Chronicles 23, Nehemiah 12, and even the geneology in Matthew 1), which means that the name pre-dates Christianity by at least a millenia.
- ↑ Matthew 17:1-9, Mark 9:2-8, Luke 9:28-36
- ↑ "Ancient Egyptian Literature: New Kingdom" by Miriam Lichtheim, ISBN 0520248430, pg. 219 - "As for Horus, he was lying under a shenshua-tree in the oasis country. Then Seth found him, seized him, and threw him on his back on the mountain. He removed his two eyes from their places and buried them on the mountain. Toward morning his two eyeballs became two bulbs, and they grew into lotuses." Horus has his eyes restored later by Hathor.
- ↑ Matthew 5 Matthew 6, Matthew 7
- ↑ Luke 6
- ↑ The closest approximation that could be found of a death would be when Horus is stung as a child by a scorpion, in some accounts instructed to do so by the Scorpion-goddes Serqet. In De Iside et Osiride by Plutarch, an account is given where Isis finds her son injured by the scorpion and heals him. From a shortened version, "Egyptian Legends and Stories" by M.V. Seton-Williams (ISBN 0760711879, pg. 29): "She placed the coffin in a boat and returned to Egypt. When she got back, she hid the coffin in the Delta under a bush while she went back to Pe to see how her son Horus was getting on. She found that he had been bitten by a scorpion and had to wait until he had recovered. It was thus some time before she returned to where she had left the body of Osiris."
- ↑ Matthew 28:5-10 NIV - "The angel said to the women, 'Do not be afraid, for I know that you are looking for Jesus, who was crucified. He is not here; he has risen, just as he said. Come and see the place where he lay. Then go quickly and tell his disciples: 'He has risen from the dead and is going ahead of you into Galilee. There you will see him.' Now I have told you.' So the women hurried away from the tomb, afraid yet filled with joy, and ran to tell his disciples. Suddenly Jesus met them. 'Greetings,' he said. They came to him, clasped his feet and worshiped him. Then Jesus said to them, 'Do not be afraid. Go and tell my brothers to go to Galilee; there they will see me.'"
- ↑ Revelation 1 NIV. This is the beginning of what Christians claim is prophecy for the second coming of Jesus.
- ↑ Ancient Egypt The Light of The World by Gerald Massey, pages 738 - 739, actually goes as far as to attribute four dates for the birth of Horus and chooses to reduce them to December 25th
- ↑ Images and Ideologies: Self-definition in the Hellenistic World by Anthony Bulloch, Erich Gruen, A. A. Long, and Andrew Stewart - from the section Dynastic Festivals under The Ptolemaic King as a Religious Figure
- ↑ The Festival of Khoiak - "The name of the festival was ka-her-ka 'ka upon ka' (or 'sustenance upon sustenance'); it survived into Christian times as the name of the fourth month of the season of flood, rendered in Coptic as Khoiak."
- ↑ "The rites lasted eighteen days, from the twelfth to the thirteenth of the month of Khoiak, and set forth the nature of Osiris in his triple aspect as dead, dismembered, and finally reconstituted by the union of his scattered limbs." The Golden Bough by James Frazer, ISBN 1853263109 (p 375)
- ↑ digitalEgypt.com - "Ancient Egyptian festivals centred on procession by land and river, and were celebrated on particular days or series of days in the official year. The official year (365 days) was just short of the solar year (the time the earth takes to go around the sun, 365 1/4 days); as a result, the official year gradually moved back, with the official 'winter' months and their festivals falling into the summer. There seems to be no attempt to move the festivals, even those relating to agricultural events in the solar year such as flood, or the low-river sowing season."
- ↑ digitalEgypt.com "Month 1 (1st month of 12 in year); Tekh = Thoth = Coptic Thout (approximately August, ideally); day 1 New Year - Opening of the Year - birthday of Ra-Horakhty (the sun-god)"
- ↑ Within the tomb of Mereruka: "O Meri, would that thou might give me those [goodly(?)] fowl-- as thou livest for me!" Egyptian Women by Henry G Fischer of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (p 13) - the passage is in a letter from a grieving widow to her dead husband.
- ↑ TourEgypt.net - brief explanation of the Egyptian zodiac, which differs greatly from the modern one
- ↑ Ancient Egypt The Light of The World page 140; Massey mentions a date given by Plutarch, but fails to cite where in the writings of Plutarch this is located and, once again, fails to give an Egyptian corroberration of the claim